In addition, the impact of the anthropogenic structure (Irish bridge) is evident, since upstream, more substantial deposition was recorded compared to downstream. The significant erosion and deposition recorded showcase the disequilibrium in the torrent. Even during one flight in one cross-section, the stream bed and two banks in many cases experienced different changes. The results from innovative methods showcase the episodic nature of stream channel changes since erosion and deposition were captured during the different monitoring periods. For the innovative methods, utilizing an unmanned aerial vehicle, in order to monitor the geomorphologic changes in the entire reach during different days over the last 3 years (2020–2022), there was a total of six flights. The traditional methods include erosion pins at streambanks and field cross-section measurements of the stream channel. The investigation utilizes two different environments/point views: (a) traditional terrestrial and (b) innovative aerial. The torrent’s geomorphological conditions are studied for an entire affected stream reach. The study attempts to monitor geomorphological changes (e.g., erosion/deposition) with innovative tools at a typical Mediterranean torrent. Their utilization would help water managers to develop more sustainable management solutions based on actual field data Utilizing UAV images shows great potential to capture, record, and monitor fluvio-geomorphological events and riparian vegetation. In addition, the results on the assessment of riparian vegetation conditions were satisfactory. The orthomosaics clearly identified changes in the torrent bed and detected debris flow events after major flood events. Based on the images collected from these flights, orthomosaics were developed. Three flights were conducted using the DJI Spark UAV. In addition, a novel approach to detecting changes and assessing the conditions of the riparian vegetation was conducted by using UAV images that were validated with field data based on a visual protocol.

The aim of this study was to capture and record the fluvial-geomorphological changes of the torrent bed and banks and flood debris events with the use of UAV images along a reach of Kallifytos torrent in northern Greece. Climate change is expected to increase flash floods intensity and frequency in the Mediterranean region, thus enhancing such events will also impact the adjacent riparian vegetation. Capturing and recording fluvio-geomorphological events is essential since these events can be very sudden and hazardous.

Drawn 2 dark flight torrent